Ageing is frequently cited as a cause of hearing loss, a condition characterized by a diminished or entirely lost ability to perceive sounds. However, this condition can also arise gradually due to prolonged exposure to loud noises or infections. Consequently, it is important to listen to music at a moderate volume and maintain ear hygiene. Additionally, some individuals may be born with hearing impairments that can affect one or both ears. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is projected that by 2050, approximately 2.5 billion people worldwide will experience some level of hearing loss. On World Hearing Day, observed on March 3, it is pertinent to examine the various types of hearing loss.

What are the types of hearing loss?

There are four primary types of hearing loss that one should recognize:

1. Conductive hearing loss

This type occurs when sound waves are unable to effectively reach the inner ear due to a blockage or malfunction in the outer or middle ear, as explained by ENT specialist Dr. Aditi Ravindra. Symptoms often include muffled or diminished sound perception, challenges in hearing soft or distant sounds, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear. It may also be associated with ear pain, discharge, or recurrent ear infections. Common causes include the accumulation of earwax, fluid buildup from infections, perforated eardrums, or the presence of foreign objects in the ear canal, according to the expert.

Know about these types of hearing loss. Image courtesy: Adobe Stock

2. Sensorineural hearing loss

Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the inner ear, specifically the cochlea, or to the auditory nerve itself. This impairment disrupts the transmission of sound signals to the brain, leading to challenges in understanding speech, particularly in environments with background noise. Individuals may also experience distorted or muffled sounds. According to experts, symptoms may include tinnitus, characterized by a ringing sensation in the ears, and difficulties in perceiving high-frequency sounds. Common causes of this condition include aging, prolonged exposure to loud sounds, genetic predispositions, and infections such as mumps or measles.

3. Mixed hearing loss

Mixed hearing loss is characterized by the presence of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. This condition indicates that there is an obstruction in the outer or middle ear, in addition to damage in the inner ear. Individuals may experience symptoms associated with both types of hearing loss, including challenges in hearing conversations, a sensation of fullness in the ears, and potential tinnitus. Contributing factors may include chronic ear infections, aging, or exposure to loud noises.

4. Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder

Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder is a condition where sound enters the ear normally; however, due to damage in the inner ear, the auditory signals are not processed in a manner that the brain can comprehend, as noted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Individuals affected by this disorder report the ability to hear sounds, yet struggle to interpret them. Words may appear jumbled, making it difficult to differentiate between similar-sounding terms. This disorder may arise from factors such as premature birth, oxygen deprivation at birth, or neonatal jaundice, which can harm the auditory nerve or its connections to the brain. Dr. Ravindra notes that in adults, nerve damage resulting from autoimmune disorders or neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, may also lead to the development of Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder.

Types of hearing loss: Which one is the most common?

Sensorineural hearing loss is recognized as the most prevalent form of hearing impairment among various types. Research published in StatPearls in 2023 indicates that it affects between 5 to 27 individuals per 100,000 annually. Experts note that while prolonged exposure to loud music and environmental noise pollution significantly contributes to this condition, it is particularly common among older adults due to age-related degeneration of the inner ear.

You can experience hearing loss in one or both ears. Image courtesy: Adobe Stock

To reduce the likelihood of developing this widespread type of hearing loss, it is advisable to utilize hearing protection, implement noise reduction strategies, and undergo regular hearing assessments.

How to treat different types of hearing loss?

The following outlines potential treatments for various forms of hearing loss:

• Conductive hearing loss: Treatment is contingent upon the underlying cause. For instance, if it results from an ear infection, antibiotics may be prescribed, as indicated by the UK's National Health Service. In cases of earwax accumulation, removal of the wax and the use of ear drops may provide relief.
• Sensorineural hearing loss: This type is generally permanent; however, hearing aids or cochlear implants can assist in amplifying sounds and enhancing communication. In instances of sudden hearing loss caused by viral infections or autoimmune disorders, corticosteroids may be effective in reducing inflammation and improving auditory function.
• Mixed hearing loss: Management should focus on treating any ear infections, followed by the use of hearing aids or implants for the sensorineural aspect.
• Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: Some individuals may benefit from cochlear implants, which directly stimulate the auditory nerve. Experts emphasize that early intervention with speech therapy is vital for language development in children.

Various forms of hearing loss can arise from aging or exposure to loud noises. Additionally, ear infections or inadequate ear hygiene can impact hearing ability. In some cases, hearing issues may be temporary and treatable with antibiotics. It is essential to identify the specific type of hearing loss and seek appropriate treatment, avoiding self-medication.

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