Thyroid disorders are increasingly prevalent among pregnant women, posing significant risks to both maternal and fetal health. The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in producing hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels, and various bodily functions, making it essential for overall health.

In a discussion with Lifestyle, Dr. Upasana Garg, Regional Technical Chief at Apollo Diagnostics in Mumbai, noted, “The predominant thyroid issues encountered in pregnant women are hypothyroidism (characterized by an underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (marked by an overactive thyroid). Hypothyroidism can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and increased sensitivity to cold, whereas hyperthyroidism may cause weight loss and a rapid heart rate.”

She emphasized the importance of addressing these conditions, stating, “If left untreated, thyroid disorders during pregnancy can lead to serious complications, including miscarriage, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and developmental delays in the child. Pregnant women must receive timely diagnoses to enhance their quality of life and ensure the health of their baby.”

Risk factors for thyroid problems:

Dr Upasana Garg emphasized that factors such as family history, age, genetic predispositions, autoimmune disorders like lupus or type 1 diabetes, and iodine deficiency can elevate the risk of thyroid issues during pregnancy.

Diagnostic tests to manage thyroid problems in pregnant women:

Dr Upasana Garg stated that routine thyroid function tests, which include measurements of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), T3, and T4, are effective in identifying thyroid-related issues. These blood tests are instrumental in revealing any abnormalities. Additionally, the assessment of FT3 and FT4 levels is recommended to determine the concentrations of the active (non-bound/free) thyroid hormones present in the bloodstream.

She further noted that often, a single Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test can provide significant insights into thyroid function. Low levels of TSH may indicate hyperthyroidism, whereas elevated TSH levels are indicative of hypothyroidism. During pregnancy, TSH levels can vary due to hormonal fluctuations. These tests are crucial for detecting thyroid irregularities and facilitating appropriate interventions, which may include medication, dietary changes, or ongoing monitoring for effective management.

Regular thyroid testing is essential for effectively managing thyroid-related concerns. Dr Upasana Garg recommends incorporating iodine-rich foods such as fish, dairy products, and iodized salt into one's diet. Additionally, it is important to adhere to prescribed medications and engage in practices like yoga or meditation to alleviate stress, which can exacerbate thyroid conditions. Pregnant women are advised to attend regular check-ups and follow-up appointments to ensure proper management of any thyroid issues.

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