Menstrual Cycles and Bladder Sensitivity: What You Need to Know
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Urinary incontinence is a common issue among older adults, primarily resulting from diminished bladder control. Women may also report involuntary urine leakage following childbirth or during menopause. Additionally, this uncontrollable leakage can occur monthly during menstruation. The connection between urinary incontinence and menstrual cycles may be attributed to hormonal fluctuations, especially the decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels. Such hormonal changes can result in fluid retention prior to menstruation, which may subsequently be released during the menstrual period. Understanding the relationship between menstrual cycles and bladder control is essential.
Period and bladder control
Menstruation, a process that readies the female body for possible pregnancy, generally commences at puberty and persists until menopause, states Dr. Gurpreet Batra, a gynaecologist and infertility specialist. Research published in StatPearls in 2022 indicates that the average duration of the menstrual cycle is 28 days, measured from the onset of one cycle to the start of the subsequent one.
1. Prostaglandins
These compounds, which resemble hormones, facilitate the contraction of the uterus to expel its lining. According to the expert, "They can also influence other organs, such as the bladder, resulting in a heightened urge to urinate."
2. Fluid retention
Changes in hormone levels, especially a rise in progesterone, may lead to fluid retention prior to menstruation. As menstruation commences, the body often eliminates this excess fluid, which can result in an increase in urination.
3. Increased thirst
The expert notes that "Some women may experience heightened thirst as a result of hormonal changes." This can lead to greater fluid consumption, and consequently, an increased frequency of urination if one consumes more water or other beverages.
Here are other ways menstruation can impact the bladder:
1. Bladder sensitivity
During menstruation, individuals may experience heightened sensitivity in the bladder, resulting in discomfort, a sensation of fullness, or mild irritation. This phenomenon is associated with the anatomical proximity of the bladder to the uterus, where contractions and pressure in the pelvic area can influence both organs.
2. Bladder or Pelvic Pain
Some women report experiencing cramping or pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic region during their menstrual cycle. The expert notes that the cramping associated with menstruation is due to prostaglandins, which can render the bladder tender or painful.
3. Bladder Irritation
Hormonal fluctuations during menstruation can alter vaginal pH levels, potentially increasing the risk of irritation or infections, such as urinary tract infections, which may subsequently irritate the bladder. These hormonal changes can temporarily compromise the immune system during menstruation, heightening the risk of bladder infections or urinary tract infections, leading to bladder irritation and increased urinary frequency.
4. Bladder Irritability Due to Endometriosis
In cases of endometriosis, where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, the bladder may be affected if this tissue attaches to or is located near it. This condition can result in bladder pain or discomfort, particularly during menstruation.
How to manage bladder issues during menstruation?
"Bladder problems related to menstruation typically last as long as your period, which is generally between 3 to 7 days," says Dr Batra. The symptoms usually peak during the days of heaviest bleeding and cramping and then subside as hormone levels stabilise after menstruation. To manage the symptoms during menstruation, do the following -
1. Hydration
Even if you feel like peeing more often while you are down, don't reduce water intake. Drinking a good amount of water can help flush the bladder and reduce irritation during menstruation. "This can prevent discomfort related to bladder sensitivity," says the expert.
2. Pain relief
According to the expert, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen can alleviate pelvic cramps, bladder pain, and general discomfort by decreasing the production of prostaglandins. Additionally, the application of a heating pad or warm compress to the lower abdomen may provide relief from pelvic cramps and bladder sensitivity.
3. Pelvic Floor Exercises
Research published in StatPearls in 2023 indicates that Kegel exercises can be effective in preventing urinary incontinence. By strengthening the pelvic floor muscles through these exercises, individuals can support the bladder and mitigate symptoms of urgency, frequency, or discomfort during menstruation.
4. Hormonal Treatment
The expert notes that hormonal contraceptives, including birth control pills and patches, can help regulate menstrual cycles and minimize hormonal fluctuations that may lead to bladder problems. Furthermore, these treatments may reduce the production of prostaglandins, thereby alleviating bladder-related pain.
5. Dietary Adjustments
If you have a habit of adding salt to your meals, it is advisable to reduce your salt intake before and during your menstrual period, as this can help decrease fluid retention and prevent bloating and bladder pressure. The expert also recommends limiting the consumption of caffeinated beverages, alcohol, and acidic foods such as citrus or spicy items, as these can irritate the bladder and exacerbate symptoms.
During menstruation, hormonal changes may lead to an increased frequency of urination, along with pain and discomfort. If these bladder issues persist or worsen, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional.
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