The human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is not a newly discovered virus; it was initially isolated in 2001 by Van den Hoogen and her team in the Netherlands from the nasopharyngeal secretions of children suffering from respiratory tract infections. The designation "human metapneumovirus" was given due to its classification as a metapneumovirus that infects humans.

hMPV is a prevalent respiratory virus that generally leads to mild symptoms resembling those of a common cold. Research indicates that it has been present in human populations since the 1970s, although its formal identification occurred in 2001.

This virus is responsible for approximately 4-16% of acute respiratory infections worldwide, with incidence rates typically peaking from November to May. While the majority of adults have acquired immunity through prior exposure, hMPV can result in more severe symptoms in infants experiencing it for the first time and in individuals with compromised immune systems.

In a discussion with HT Lifestyle, Dr. Sangeeta V Budur, a Consultant in Paediatrics and Paediatric Intensive Care at Aster RV Hospital, stated, “The virus is known to lead to a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild upper respiratory infections to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Approximately 5 to 25% of acute pediatric lower respiratory tract infections are linked to HMPV. The viral outbreaks typically peak during the winter and spring months in the northern hemisphere, while in the southern hemisphere, they peak in June and July.”

Who are the vulnerable population?

Dr. Sangeeta V Budur explained, “No demographic is entirely resistant to the virus; reinfections can occur throughout an individual's life, although subsequent infections tend to be milder. Infants, children under the age of two, the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and those with pre-existing chronic health conditions are at a higher risk for severe disease. HMPV infection appears to be widespread, with nearly all children being exposed by the time they reach five years of age.”

How does it spread?

Dr. Sangeeta V Budur noted that, similar to other respiratory illnesses, HMPV is transmitted through respiratory droplets, which can occur through actions such as coughing, sneezing, or contact with contaminated secretions.

How is it different from Covid -19 ?

Dr. Sangeeta V Budur clarified, “While both viruses can cause mild respiratory symptoms in most infected individuals, COVID-19 presents a wider range of symptoms that can affect multiple body systems and carries a greater risk of systemic complications. Although both viruses spread through respiratory droplets, comparing them is challenging. HMPV is less transmissible and generally results in milder symptoms compared to COVID-19.”

What are the symptoms of HMPV virus?

Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur stated that the majority of symptoms are mild and resemble those of the flu, typically lasting between five to seven days and often necessitating outpatient care. However, in children under the age of five, HMPV accounts for approximately 3-10% of hospital admissions. Among hospitalized pediatric patients, the predominant symptoms include high-grade fever and respiratory distress, with wheezing being less common.

What are the respiratory illnesses caused by HMPV?

According to Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur, HMPV is primarily recognized for causing upper respiratory tract infections in most children. However, it can also lead to more severe conditions such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in a minority of cases, which may require hospitalization and oxygen therapy, including mechanical ventilation.

How to diagnose HMPV infection?

Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur emphasized that diagnosing HMPV based solely on clinical symptoms can be challenging, as it shares similarities with other respiratory infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza. The gold standard for diagnosis is PCR testing of nasopharyngeal secretions to detect HMPV RNA. In India, surveillance systems like the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) routinely test for respiratory viruses, including HMPV.

What are treatment options for HMPV?

Currently, there is no specific antiviral medication for HMPV. Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur noted that treatment is primarily symptomatic and supportive, involving the use of antipyretics and antihistamines. Hospitalized children may require oxygen therapy, nebulization, and, in severe cases, mechanical ventilation.

What are preventive measures for HMPV?

At present, there is no targeted therapy or vaccine for HMPV. Dr. Sangeeta V. Budur recommended practicing proper hand hygiene by washing hands frequently with soap and water for at least 30 seconds. Cough etiquette, such as covering the mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing and wearing masks, can help limit the virus's spread. Additional preventive measures include avoiding close contact with infected individuals and regularly disinfecting frequently touched surfaces.

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