Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a viral infection that has gained global attention and raised concerns among health authorities. This virus is classified within the Pneumoviridae family and can impact individuals of all ages and genders. However, infants, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma are advised to exercise greater caution, as the World Health Organization has identified them as being at higher risk due to compromised immune systems. Additionally, hMPV can affect women, particularly during pregnancy, potentially resulting in severe respiratory complications or preterm births. Given that persistent coughing is a prevalent symptom of hMPV, it is essential to seek medical evaluation if such symptoms arise.

HMPV in women: Are they more at risk?

HMPV, initially discovered in 2001, is a respiratory virus that impacts individuals across all age groups. According to the World Health Organization, infants, the elderly, and those with underlying health issues such as immunosuppression and asthma are at an increased risk of experiencing severe illness as a result of this virus.hMPV can affect women. Image courtesy: Adobe Stock

"While young children are particularly susceptible, women, especially those who are primary caregivers, are at an increased risk of infection. This heightened risk is attributed to their close interactions with children, who may serve as carriers of the virus," explains obstetrician and gynecologist Dr. Vaishali Joshi.

Although the virus does not specifically target women, individuals with pre-existing health issues such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or compromised immune systems are more vulnerable. "Women are not inherently at a greater risk; however, pregnancy and existing health conditions can weaken their immune response, thereby increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections, including hMPV," states gynecologist and in vitro fertilization specialist Dr. Shobha Gupta.

HMPV in women: Should expecting moms be worried?

Pregnant individuals are advised to exercise caution and promptly consult a healthcare professional if they suspect an hMPV infection, according to Dr. Joshi. A study published in Open Forum Infectious Diseases in 2015 indicated that the incidence rate of hMPV during pregnancy was 1.3 percent.

Dr. Gupta emphasizes the importance of being alert to respiratory illnesses in pregnant women, as even mild infections may result in complications due to the additional strain on their respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, including heightened oxygen requirements and alterations in lung capacity, can intensify the symptoms associated with respiratory conditions.

What are the symptoms of hMPV in women?

The manifestations of hMPV in women, including those who are expectant mothers, are comparable to those observed in men and children.

Coughing: A persistent cough is a prominent symptom of hMPV, often beginning mildly but progressively intensifying. A study conducted in 2017 and published in Emerging Infectious Diseases identified cough as the most prevalent symptom among participants, primarily consisting of pregnant women with hMPV infection.

Nasal congestion: A blocked or runny nose is another indicator of hMPV in women, which can lead to difficulties in nasal breathing.

Shortness of breath: This symptom may arise, particularly during physical exertion. Dr. Gupta notes that "pregnant women may experience this more intensely due to heightened oxygen requirements."

Fever: A moderate to high fever is another indication of hMPV in women, signifying that the body is combating the infection.

Fatigue: Women affected by hMPV may experience considerable fatigue, resulting in an unusual sense of tiredness or weakness.

HMPV in women: Complications during pregnancy

Complications due to hMPV can be more severe in pregnant women. HMPV can lead to severe respiratory illness in pregnant women, according to research published in Obstetrics & Gynecology in 2017. Here are some of the complications of hMPV in women, especially during pregnancy:

1. Pneumonia

HMPV can lead to pneumonia, which is a severe lung infection that causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the air sacs. "This complication is more likely to happen in pregnant women due to their altered immune response," says Dr Gupta.

2. Bronchitis

The virus can inflame the bronchial tubes, leading to persistent coughing and breathing difficulties in people affected by hMPV. Pregnant women with hMPV may feel heightened discomfort due to increased respiratory demands faced while carrying a child.

3. Worsening of pre-existing conditions

When it comes to hMPV in women, it results in mild respiratory symptoms. "However, for pregnant women, particularly those with pre-existing lung conditions, they may experience severe symptoms," says Dr Joshi. It may lead to worsening of their pre-existing conditions.

4. Hypoxia

Severe infections can lead to a drop in oxygen levels in the bloodstream. Known as hypoxia, this drop in oxygen levels is extremely dangerous for both mother and the baby. "Prolonged oxygen deprivation can affect fetal growth and development," says Dr Gupta.

Women with hMPV may deliver preterm babies. Image courtesy: Freepik

5. Preterm labour or low birth weight

Dr. Joshi states that hMPV can occasionally result in negative consequences for women, particularly during pregnancy, including preterm labor or low birth weight. A study conducted in 2017 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that 25 percent of pregnant women infected with hMPV gave birth to infants with low birth weight. Additionally, the research indicated that 8 percent of these women experienced preterm deliveries. Dr. Gupta explains that these outcomes are attributed to the strain on the mother's body and a reduced oxygen supply to the fetus.

How to treat hMPV in women?

There is currently no targeted antiviral therapy for hMPV in women or any individuals. To effectively manage the symptoms of hMPV in women, the following approaches are recommended:

Rest and hydration: Sufficient rest enables the body to concentrate on combating the infection, thereby alleviating stress on the immune system. Dr. Gupta emphasizes that maintaining hydration is essential, as it helps to thin mucus and prevents dehydration, which is vital for both the mother and the fetus.

Over-the-counter medications: Any medications aimed at alleviating symptoms such as fever or congestion should be taken only under the guidance of a healthcare professional during pregnancy. Dr. Gupta notes that healthcare providers can recommend safe alternatives, such as acetaminophen for fever.

Oxygen therapy: In more severe instances, supplemental oxygen may be necessary to ensure adequate oxygen saturation. This is especially critical during pregnancy to guarantee proper oxygen supply to the developing baby.

Preventive measures and monitoring: Preventative strategies include vaccination against other respiratory viruses, practicing good hygiene, and steering clear of individuals who are ill. Pregnant women exhibiting respiratory symptoms should seek medical advice promptly for early intervention.

While hMPV can affect women, particularly those who are pregnant, there is no specific medication available. The emphasis of treatment will be on managing symptoms and preventing complications. It is advisable to consult with a healthcare provider to understand the associated risks and to mitigate potential complications.
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