The emergence of a Covid-like infection known as hMPV is gaining attention in China, with two recent cases confirmed in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) announced on Monday that two instances of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) have been identified in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Additionally, there are reports of a possible third case involving a 2-month-old infant in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. These cases were uncovered during routine monitoring of respiratory viruses nationwide, indicating the potential for more undetected infections. Initially identified in China, the virus has raised concerns due to its swift transmission and the possibility of a pandemic. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Health has reported no significant rise in cases of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) or Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) in India.

Two cases of hMPV reported in India

The individuals affected include a 3-month-old female infant and an 8-month-old male infant, both residing in Bengaluru. Each case has a documented history of bronchopneumonia, an infection characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes and lung tissues, which can be triggered by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Despite the widespread transmission of this virus in China, it is important to highlight that neither of the Indian cases involved international travel, suggesting that the infections are locally acquired. While there has been a global rise in respiratory infections, including hMPV, the World Health Organization has not deemed the situation a global health emergency.

Where was hMPV detected first?

Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) was initially discovered in 2001 by scientists in the Netherlands. This virus is responsible for respiratory infections across all age groups, with heightened risks for young children, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems. Presently, hMPV is experiencing a rapid increase in cases in China, especially among children, leading to a notable rise in respiratory infections. This current outbreak follows five years after the initial identification of the novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, which subsequently triggered a global pandemic resulting in seven million fatalities worldwide.

What is hMPV?

Human metapneumovirus, commonly referred to as hMPV, is a prevalent respiratory virus that can lead to both upper and lower respiratory infections, including the common cold. It is classified within the pneumoviridae family, which also includes the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), as noted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). hMPV is typically seasonal, emerging during the winter and early spring months, similar to RSV and influenza. It can affect individuals of all ages, producing a range of respiratory symptoms from mild to severe, particularly in at-risk populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.

Sneezing, coughing, and a runny nose are symptoms of hMPV. Image courtesy: Adobe Stock

Symptoms of hMPV

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) generally leads to mild respiratory symptoms resembling those of a common cold. These symptoms may include sneezing, coughing, a slight fever, a runny nose, and a sore throat, which typically resolve spontaneously within a period of 2 to 5 days. In rare instances, individuals may experience more severe manifestations, such as difficulty breathing, exacerbations of asthma, and conditions like bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, which may necessitate medical intervention. Those with compromised immune systems or other predisposing factors are at an increased risk for complications. While hMPV can affect anyone, it is particularly prevalent among young children under the age of 5 and older adults. The American Lung Association reports that only 5 to 16 percent of young children develop serious respiratory complications such as pneumonia.

Is hMPV similar to the Covid-19 virus?

Although hMPV and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus responsible for COVID-19) belong to distinct viral families, they exhibit several notable similarities.

• Respiratory illness: Both viruses primarily affect the respiratory system, leading to infections that can range from mild to severe, impacting the lungs, airways, and throat.
• Symptoms: The symptoms associated with hMPV, including fever, cough, sore throat, wheezing, and shortness of breath, closely resemble those experienced by individuals infected with the COVID-19 virus.
• Transmission: Both viruses are transmitted through respiratory droplets produced by coughing or sneezing and can also spread via contact with contaminated surfaces followed by touching the face.
• Seasonal: COVID-19 has demonstrated sensitivity to temperature and tends to be more prevalent during colder months. Similarly, hMPV typically circulates during specific seasons, particularly in winter and early spring.
• Vulnerable groups: Both viruses present a heightened risk to young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems, rendering them more susceptible to severe respiratory complications.
  
• Prevention: Implementing preventive measures such as maintaining hand hygiene, utilizing face masks, and practicing social distancing can significantly diminish the transmission of both viruses. 

A notable distinction between the two is the presence of vaccines; effective vaccines are available for Covid-19, whereas no vaccine exists for hMPV. Furthermore, while antiviral treatments for hMPV are scarce, multiple treatment options are available for Covid-19.Covid-19 and hMPV are quite similar. Image courtesy: Adobe Stock

How to prevent hMPV spread?

How can the spread of hMPV be prevented? At present, there is no vaccine for hMPV, and antiviral treatments are not advised. Management of the condition primarily involves alleviating symptoms, which includes reducing fever and addressing respiratory difficulties through rest, hydration, and the use of over-the-counter medications. In more severe instances, hospitalization or oxygen therapy may be required. Most individuals tend to recover independently within a few days. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, individuals can take the following measures to help prevent the spread of hMPV and other respiratory viruses:

• Frequently wash hands with soap and water for a minimum of 20 seconds.
• Refrain from touching the face, particularly the eyes, nose, and mouth, with unwashed hands.
• Wear a mask in the presence of others, especially in crowded or enclosed environments, to minimize the dissemination of respiratory droplets.
• Maintain a safe distance from individuals who are ill to lower the risk of transmission.
• Use a tissue or elbow to cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
• Avoid sharing cups, eating utensils, or personal items with others.
• Regularly disinfect commonly touched surfaces, such as doorknobs and mobile phones.
• Remain at home when feeling unwell to prevent the transmission of the virus to others.

Adhering to these straightforward recommendations can greatly reduce the likelihood of hMPV transmission.

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