Guillain-Barre syndrome is a medical condition characterized by the immune system's attack on the peripheral nerves. This syndrome is often precipitated by an acute infection, whether bacterial or viral or occasionally by vaccination. In a discussion with Lifestyle, Dr Rajesh B. Iyer, a consultant in neurology and epileptology at Manipal Hospital, Millers Road, stated, “Guillain-Barre syndrome arises from an immune response that results in damage to the peripheral nerves. Generally, this condition follows an upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal infection, and it is infrequently associated with vaccinations or surgical procedures.”

How is Guillain-Barre syndrome linked to paralysis?

Dr Rajesh B. Iyer elaborated on the connection by stating, "Guillain-Barre syndrome, commonly referred to as GBS, is among the less common causes of paralysis resulting from damage to the peripheral nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting electrical signals from the spinal cord to the muscles, as well as relaying information from the skin and joints back to the spinal cord. Each nerve consists of a central axon encased in a lipoprotein layer known as myelin. This myelin serves both as insulation and as a facilitator for the swift conduction of impulses along the nerves."

Guillain-Barre syndrome affects the nerves:

In Guillain-Barre syndrome, the impairment may impact the myelin sheaths surrounding the nerves, resulting in a condition referred to as demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Alternatively, the axons may be involved, which is termed axonal polyneuropathy. In certain instances, both the myelin and axons can be compromised. The neurologist noted that axonal disease is generally more severe and typically requires a longer duration for recovery.

Symptoms to watch out for:

Dr. Rajesh B. Iyer emphasized that the typical symptoms manifest one to two weeks following an infection. Initially, individuals may experience tingling sensations in the fingertips and toes, accompanied by muscle aches and pains. This is subsequently followed by paralysis, which often presents in an ascending manner, beginning in the lower extremities and progressing to affect the trunk, upper limbs, respiratory muscles, and cranial nerves.

In cases deemed mild, the recommended approach consists of monitoring and providing supportive care. Conversely, for individuals exhibiting more pronounced weakness, treatment options include a course of intravenous human immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis, a procedure that removes circulating antibodies through a dialysis-like technique, as noted by the neurologist.

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