Diabetes can have detrimental effects on various organs, including the heart, kidneys, eyes, and feet. This condition, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, may also influence brain health. Research suggests a potential link between diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease, which is associated with cognitive decline, memory loss, and impaired learning abilities. Some researchers have referred to Alzheimer’s disease as "Type 3 diabetes," indicating that this condition may hinder the brain's capacity to utilize glucose and generate energy. Although this terminology is not widely adopted by medical professionals, there is a recognized connection between diabetes and neurological disorders.

What is type 3 diabetes?

Type 3 diabetes is frequently mentioned in the context of a proposed correlation between insulin resistance in the brain and Alzheimer’s disease. The term was first introduced by American neuropathologist Suzanne M. de la Monte and her research team, as noted by the American Psychological Association. This designation was suggested due to the similarities between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance that contributes to memory problems in older adults, as highlighted in a study published in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease in 2017.

Know what type 3 diabetes is. Image courtesy: Adobe Stock

Type 3 diabetes is not recognized as an official medical diagnosis; however, some researchers propose that Alzheimer's disease may be viewed as a distinct type of diabetes. According to endocrinologist Dr. Dheeraj Kapoor, this condition involves insulin resistance within neurons, which disrupts glucose metabolism and ultimately leads to neurodegeneration. This highlights the significant role of insulin not only in the regulation of blood sugar levels but also in cognitive functions, including memory and learning.

What is the relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease?

"The relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease lies in insulin resistance and compromised glucose metabolism," explains the expert. In both diabetes and Alzheimer's, the brain's capacity to utilize glucose for energy is diminished. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes contributes to systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which accelerates the formation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles, hallmark characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid plaques consist of protein aggregates found between nerve cells, while tau tangles are abnormal accumulations of tau proteins within the brain.

"Insulin resistance, particularly in the brain, may hinder neuronal function, thereby affecting cognitive abilities," states Dr. Kapoor.

The association between these two conditions has been the subject of extensive research. A 2008 study published in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology provided compelling evidence supporting the notion that Alzheimer's disease may represent a form of diabetes that specifically impacts the brain.

What factors contribute to the onset of type 3 diabetes?

• Chronic insulin resistance: This condition, commonly linked to type 2 diabetes, can impair brain cell function by disrupting glucose utilization.
• Inflammation and oxidative stress: The presence of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress can lead to neuronal damage and promote the formation of amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles.
• Genetic predisposition: Variants of the apolipoprotein E gene are associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and may also play a role in insulin dysregulation within the brain, according to experts.
• Unhealthy lifestyle choices: Diets lacking in nutritional value, sedentary behavior, and obesity can exacerbate metabolic disorders, thereby heightening the risk of central insulin resistance.
• Cardiovascular issues: Conditions such as hypertension can negatively affect cerebral blood flow and disrupt glucose transport to neurons. A study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2020 indicated that high blood pressure is a contributing factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

What are the symptoms of type 3 diabetes?

The manifestations of type 3 diabetes primarily involve cognitive and neurological aspects, indicative of diminished brain function resulting from insulin resistance, according to the expert. Due to the brain's impaired ability to utilize glucose, individuals may experience symptoms such as:

• Forgetfulness
• Inability to learn new things
• Confusion

The expert explains that the improper utilization of glucose in the brain can result in an energy shortfall, which may disrupt synaptic communication essential for memory and other cognitive processes.

As the condition advances, individuals with type 3 diabetes may encounter:

• Poor judgement
• Language difficulties
• Loss of problem-solving ability

The expert notes that mood fluctuations are also prevalent, stemming from alterations in brain chemistry linked to insulin deficiency.

In the later stages, symptoms may escalate to include:

• Severe memory loss
• Confusion
• An inability to carry out daily activities without any help.

How to diagnose type 3 diabetes?

The diagnosis of type 3 diabetes typically involves a combination of cognitive assessments and medical evaluations. The expert states that while there is no specific test for type 3 diabetes, physicians assess symptoms such as memory loss, concentration difficulties, and cognitive decline. Blood tests to evaluate insulin levels and glucose metabolism, along with imaging techniques like Magnetic Resonance Imaging, can reveal brain abnormalities associated with insulin resistance.

How to treat type 3 diabetes?

While there is no officially recognized treatment for type 3 diabetes, the following strategies may be beneficial:

1. Eat nutrient-dense diet

Incorporate foods such as fruits and vegetables that are high in antioxidants to mitigate oxidative stress and enhance neuronal energy metabolism. Foods like fatty fish, nuts, and seeds, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, can help reduce inflammation and support cognitive function, according to experts.

Maintain healthy weight. Image courtesy: Freepik

2. Start exercising

Consistent exercise improves insulin sensitivity and promotes brain health by increasing cerebral blood flow. It may also aid in the prevention of various forms of diabetes. Maintaining a healthy weight and participating in physical activities are recommended by the US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases to help prevent diabetes.

3. Medical interventions

These may involve medications designed to regulate insulin levels or therapies targeting amyloid plaques. Research published in Frontiers in Pharmacology in 2022 suggests that Metformin, a widely used diabetes medication, may enhance cognitive performance. Additionally, treatments such as intranasal insulin delivery may help normalize glucose metabolism in the brain, as noted by experts.

It is important to recognize that type 3 diabetes is not an official diagnosis but rather a theoretical concept. Nonetheless, the link between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease is significant, as it is believed that insulin resistance in the brain may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's. Therefore, maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular exercise, and managing high blood pressure are essential for overall health.

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