Malnutrition represents a significant challenge, particularly concerning the health of children, as it can result in severe consequences. In a discussion with HT Lifestyle, Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Sharma, the director of haemato-oncology and bone marrow transplant at BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital, stated, “Undernutrition and food adulteration may potentially lead to cancer through suppression of DNA repair, elevation of oxidative stress, and compromised immune response to cancerous cells.”

The following outlines how malnutrition can elevate the risk of cancer in children:
Impaired immune function:

The immune system plays a crucial role in identifying and eliminating potential precursors to cancerous cells. In children suffering from undernutrition, the immune system is often compromised, making them more susceptible to infections and less capable of eliminating precancerous cells. Chronic infections such as EBV and HPV can arise in malnourished children, further increasing their cancer risk due to immune suppression.

Increased oxidative stress and DNA damage:

A lack of essential vitamins A, C, E, and zinc can heighten oxidative stress, leading to DNA damage. The presence of free radicals can induce mutations within the body, and without adequate nutritional support to combat these effects, the risk of cancer development increases. Furthermore, proper nutrition is vital for maintaining DNA repair mechanisms, thereby reducing the likelihood of genetic mutations that could result in tumor formation.

Growth retardation and changes in hormonal balance:

Malnutrition significantly impacts the functioning of growth hormones and metabolic processes, potentially increasing susceptibility to various diseases and cancers. Diets that are low in calories can disrupt the signaling of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), a critical component in cell growth and differentiation. Such disruptions may be linked to a heightened risk of cancer in children.

Delayed diagnosis and suboptimal treatment outcomes:

Children diagnosed with cancer often experience malnutrition, which hampers their ability to withstand prolonged and intensive chemotherapy regimens. Consequently, malnutrition diminishes the body’s ability to recover from the harmful effects of cancer treatments, leading to higher mortality rates and reduced chances of survival.

Prevention tips and medical intervention:

• Protein, vitamins, and minerals' adequate intake should be achieved through early nutrition interventions.
• Improving food security initiatives in low-income areas with the aim of improving the diets of the people.
• Routine check-ups to identify early stages of malnutrition and other potential health issues.

Awareness creation campaigns should be conducted for the public to be informed of the long-term effects of undernutrition.

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