Oral cancer, commonly referred to as mouth cancer, develops within the oral cavity, encompassing all areas of the mouth. This condition is severe and can be fatal, frequently remaining undetected until it has progressed to a later stage. In a discussion with HT Lifestyle, Dr. Sanketh K. Reddy (BDS, MDS, MSD, DipClSc, MSc, FICO, Apollo Dental Clinic) elaborated on the connection between oral cancer and the use of tobacco and alcohol. He also emphasized the symptoms associated with the disease and the measures that can be taken to prevent it.

The link between tobacco, alcohol, and oral cancer

Dr Sanketh cautioned that tobacco and alcohol consumption increase the risk of oral cancer. “Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic chemicals like nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while alcohol has solvent effects that increase carcinogen absorption and reduce immune function.”

While alcohol and tobacco could increase the risk of oral cancer, Dr Sanketh added that factors like genetic predisposition, inherited mutations, and family history are also some other risk factors.

He further explained, “Oropharyngeal cancer is linked to viral infections like Human Papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV-16. Poor fruit and vegetable diet contributes to the risk. Also, long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation raises the risk of lip cancer, especially in fair-skinned people.”

Symptoms of oral cancer

Per Dr Sanketh, here are a few early symptoms of oral cancer which you should look out for:

• Persistent ulcers or sores that fail to heal within the period of 2-3 weeks.
• Immedicable pain or discomfort.
• Difficulty in mouth movement, changes in voice or hoarseness and sudden bleeding or numbness.
• Poor oral hygiene and ill-fitting dentures may increase the risk of oral cancer, which is due to chronic irritation and inflammation.

Dr Sanketh stated that one can differentiate these symptoms by monitoring ulcer healing time and assessing response to antibiotic treatment since oral cancer symptoms persist despite treatment.

He added, “It is observed that the signs of advanced oral cancer can be judged through persistent large ulcers, difficulty in moving the jaw or tongue, loose teeth, sudden weight loss and enlarged lymph nodes. All of these changes can be observed within 2-3 weeks.”

“However it is advised to seek immediate medical attention if the symptoms persist beyond 2-3 weeks and if the unexplained bleeding increases and the movement of tongue and jaw along with difficulty in swallowing,” Dr Sanketh added.

Preventative steps to avoid oral cancer

To avoid the oral cancer risks below preventive steps can be considered/practised:

• Maintaining good oral hygiene, which includes brushing your teeth twice a day, flossing daily to clean between teeth, replacing your toothbrush every 3–4 months and visiting your dentist regularly for check-ups.
• Avoid tobacco and consuming excessive alcohol.
• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Limit your exposure to UV radiation.
• Get vaccinated against HPV.

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