Colorectal cancer originates in the colon or rectum and typically arises from polyps, which are abnormal growths that can become malignant if not excised. Research indicates that tobacco use is a significant contributing factor to the development of colorectal cancer. In an interview, Dr. Neeraj Goel, the director of oncology services at CK Birla Hospital in Delhi, elaborated on this connection.

"Tobacco consumption is recognized as a major risk factor for colorectal cancer, leading to the formation of carcinogens from tobacco smoke, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular dysfunction, which are followed by epigenetic alterations. These processes ultimately contribute to the onset and advancement of colorectal cancer," stated Dr. Neeraj Goel.

What is the relationship between smoking and colorectal cancer?

Carcinogens in tobacco smoke: Tobacco smoke contains over 70 identified carcinogens that can directly harm the DNA of colon cells, resulting in uncontrolled cell division that can lead to cancer.

Inflammation and oxidative stress: Smoking triggers chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which can damage tissues and cause genetic mutations in the colon. These environmental factors can promote tumor development.

Disruption of normal cellular function: Smoking disrupts the regulation of cell growth and division, leading to the emergence of abnormal cells that proliferate uncontrollably, increasing the risk of tumor formation.

Epigenetic changes: Additionally, smoking can induce epigenetic modifications that silence tumor suppressor genes, preventing them from halting the abnormal proliferation of cells. This loss of regulatory control is a key factor in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer.

Tobacco consumption increases colorectal cancer risk:

Elevated Risk: Research indicates that smoking elevates the risk of colorectal cancer by 18-30% compared to non-smoking, highlighting smoking as one of the most significant preventable risk factors.

Dose-Response Relationship: The correlation between smoking frequency and duration appears to be dose-dependent concerning colorectal cancer risk. Individuals who smoke regularly are at a greater risk than those who smoke occasionally.

Former Smokers: Even after cessation, ex-smokers experience an elevated risk of colorectal cancer for several years, although this risk gradually diminishes over time.

Prevention Strategies:

Cease Smoking: Quitting smoking can greatly lower the risk of developing colorectal cancer and enhance overall health.

Routine Screenings: Regular screenings for colorectal cancer, such as colonoscopies, are essential for early detection when treatment is most effective.

Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Embracing a nutritious diet, participating in regular physical exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight can further decrease the likelihood of colorectal cancer.

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