Anaemia is a medical condition defined by decreased levels of haemoglobin or a diminished quantity of red blood cells, resulting in insufficient oxygen transport to bodily tissues. This condition is frequently detected through irregular findings in laboratory screening tests.

Iron deficiency or something worse?

In a discussion with HT Lifestyle, Dr. Sneha S, a Consultant in Internal Medicine at Manipal Hospital located in Sarjapur, Bengaluru, stated, “Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anaemia, often stemming from insufficient dietary intake, chronic blood loss—such as heavy menstrual periods or gastrointestinal ulcers—or malabsorption issues. Additionally, deficiencies in vitamin B12 and folic acid are prevalent causes, which may arise from an inadequate diet, malabsorption conditions (as observed in pernicious anaemia and celiac disease), or heightened nutritional needs during pregnancy.”

She disclosed that hemolysis, a condition characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells, may arise from genetic disorders such as thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis, and sickle cell anemia, as well as from autoimmune conditions that lead to immune-mediated destruction. A less common yet severe cause is aplastic anemia, which occurs when the bone marrow does not generate a sufficient number of red blood cells due to autoimmune disorders, infections, or exposure to toxic substances.

How to tell if you have anaemia (and what to do about it):

Dr. Sneha S states that prevalent symptoms often encompass fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, shortness of breath, decreased appetite, and significant hair loss, especially among women. Distinct forms of anemia exhibit particular symptoms; for instance, iron deficiency anemia may lead to pica (the urge to consume non-food substances) and the development of spoon-shaped nails, while vitamin B12 deficiency anemia can manifest neurological symptoms such as tingling and numbness. Additionally, hemolytic anemia may be characterized by jaundice.

In discussing diagnostic procedures and treatment alternatives, she emphasized that the diagnosis entails various tests, including a Complete Blood Count (CBC), Peripheral Blood Smear, Serum Iron Studies, and assessments of Vitamin B12 and Folate levels. Further testing may be necessary based on the suspected etiology. Treatment strategies are contingent upon the underlying condition; for instance, iron deficiency is addressed through iron supplementation, whereas vitamin B12 deficiency necessitates either intramuscular injections or high-dose oral supplements. In more severe instances, blood transfusions or specialized interventions may be required.

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