A bunion, clinically referred to as hallux valgus, is a bony protrusion that develops at the base of the big toe as a result of the misalignment of the foot's bones. This condition frequently leads to pain, discomfort, and challenges in ambulation, impacting millions of individuals globally.

Causes of bunions

Bunions arise from a combination of hereditary and environmental factors. In a discussion with Lifestyle, Dr Abhishek Vaish, an Orthopedic Surgeon and Sports Injury Specialist at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital and Healing Touch Clinic in New Delhi, stated, “While the genetic structure of the foot is significant in the development of bunions, external factors such as inappropriate footwear and excessive foot pressure can hasten their advancement.”

The primary contributors to bunion formation include:

Genetic factors – A family history of bunions increases your likelihood of developing them.

Inadequate footwear – The use of high heels or constrictive shoes can force the toes into abnormal positions.

Foot abnormalities – Conditions such as flat feet, excessive pronation, or low arches can lead to misalignment.

Arthritis – Disorders like rheumatoid arthritis may weaken the joints, making one more prone to bunions.

Treatment options for bunions

The approach to treating bunions is determined by their severity and the extent of discomfort experienced, according to Dr. Abhishek Vaish. Treatment alternatives vary from non-surgical methods to surgical procedures in more severe instances.

1. Non-Surgical Treatments

For individuals experiencing mild to moderate bunions, conservative treatment options may effectively alleviate symptoms:

Appropriate Footwear: Selecting shoes that are wide and supportive, featuring a soft sole, can diminish pressure on the bunion.

Orthotic Supports: Custom-made insoles or toe spacers assist in realigning the foot's structure.

Pain Relief Strategies: The application of ice packs, the use of anti-inflammatory medications, and physiotherapy can help manage pain and reduce inflammation.

Stretching and Strengthening Regimens: Engaging in foot exercises enhances flexibility and lessens stress on the affected joint.

2. Surgical Treatment

When conservative treatments do not alleviate discomfort and the bunion leads to ongoing pain or disrupts daily life, surgical intervention may be necessary, according to Dr. Vaish. Bunion surgery, referred to as bunionectomy, involves the realignment of the toe joint through the excision of the bony protrusion and the correction of any structural irregularities.

The specific procedure employed depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Osteotomy (realignment of the bone)

2. Arthrodesis (fusion of the joint)

3. Exostectomy (removal of the bunion without realigning the bone)

Dr Vaish further noted that while surgical results are typically favourable, effective post-operative rehabilitation is essential for regaining full functionality.

Preventing Bunions

Genetics may be immutable; however, proactive strategies can mitigate or delay the onset of bunions.

Choose Appropriate Footwear: Steer clear of high-heeled and constricting shoes; instead, select shoes that feature a spacious toe box.  

Sustain a Healthy Weight: Carrying excess weight can impose additional strain on the feet.  

Enhance Foot Muscle Strength: Engaging in regular exercises, including toe stretches and resistance training, can bolster joint stability.  

Keep Track of Foot Health: Early detection and intervention can prevent the progression of symptoms.  

While bunions can be both painful and restrictive, appropriate care and timely intervention can significantly reduce their effects. Should you experience ongoing foot discomfort, it is advisable to seek the expertise of an orthopaedic specialist to develop a tailored treatment plan. Dr. Abhishek Vaish emphasized that "prompt evaluation and the correct treatment strategy can enable patients to enjoy an active, pain-free lifestyle."

Read Also: Are Your Shoes Damaging Your Feet? Top Surgeon Shares the Best Bunion Fixes

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